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Audio Clipper

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Settings are written to the URL as you change them. Nothing differs from the defaults yet.

Flatten peaks against a line and leave everything under it alone. A clipper has no attack, release or lookahead, so there is no gain movement to hear: the waveform is simply not allowed past a certain height.

Threshold and ceiling

Threshold, from -24 dB to 0 dB, is how hard the signal is driven into the curve. Lower values push more of the material into the bend, so more of it clips.

Ceiling, from -12 dB to 0 dB, is where the output lands. The two are separate on purpose: threshold decides how much clipping happens, ceiling decides how loud the result is. Setting threshold to -6 dB and ceiling to -0.3 dB drives the signal 6 dB into the curve and then places the flattened result just under full scale.

Character

Soft is a tanh curve. It begins bending well before the threshold, so peaks round off gradually and the harmonics it adds are mostly low-order. It is the least obvious of the three on tonal material.

Cubic stays linear longer and then flattens with a matching gradient at the top. Transients keep more of their shape than they do under soft clipping, and there is still no corner in the curve.

Hard cuts straight across. It preserves the most level and is the most audible, which suits a snare or a kick where the added edge reads as attack.

Clipping before limiting

A clipper and a limiter answer the same question differently, and a loudness chain usually wants both.

Transients are short. A limiter reacting to one has to pull the whole passage down for as long as its release takes, and that movement is what pumping is. A clipper removes the transient itself, in place, without touching the material around it. Taking 2 dB to 3 dB off the peaks with a clipper first typically lets the limiter behind it work far less hard for the same output level.

Mix

Mix blends the clipped signal against the original. At 100% only the clipped path is heard and the ceiling holds. Below that, the untouched signal comes back in and the peaks return with it, so the ceiling stops being a guarantee.

Parallel clipping at 30% to 50% is a way to add the harmonics without losing the transients, but it is not a way to control peaks. Put a limiter after it if the output has to stay under a fixed line.

Example: a drum bus that keeps triggering the limiter

Threshold -5 dB, ceiling -1 dB, character cubic, mix 100%.

The kick and snare peaks flatten by about 4 dB and the body of the kit is untouched, so the limiter behind it stops reaching for 4 dB of gain reduction on every hit.

Frequently Asked Questions

A limiter turns the gain down when a peak arrives and back up afterwards, so it has attack and release times you can hear as pumping. A clipper has no time constants at all: it flattens the top of the waveform and leaves everything under the threshold untouched. On short transients a clipper is usually less audible; on sustained loud material a limiter is.

Soft for most material, since a tanh curve starts bending well before the threshold and adds mostly low-order harmonics. Cubic bends later and flattens harder, which keeps more of the transient. Hard is a straight cut and is the most audible of the three, which is sometimes exactly what a drum track wants.

At a mix of 100%, yes. Every curve is bounded before the ceiling scales it, and the last stage catches the small overshoot the decimation filter can add. Below 100% the dry signal is mixed back in, and the dry signal has no ceiling, so the sum can exceed it.

Bending a waveform makes harmonics above the source's Nyquist frequency. Applied at the source rate those fold back down as tones bearing no musical relation to the material, and no setting removes them afterwards. Running the curve 8 times over puts them where the filter can discard them instead.

Before. The clipper takes the sharp peaks off so the limiter has less work to do and less reason to pull the whole passage down. Running them the other way round gives the limiter the transients first, which is what produces the pumping the clipper was meant to avoid.

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