ROT13 shift
HELLO becomes URYYB. Every letter moves 13 places forward, and non-letter characters pass through unchanged.
Self-inverse
Applying ROT13 to URYYB again returns HELLO. Because 13 doubled is 26, the full length of the alphabet, encoding and decoding land on the exact same transformation.
Typical use
ROT13 hides text just enough that it does not read at a glance, which made it a common way to mask spoilers, quiz answers, or offensive words in plain-text forums before spoiler tags existed. It has never been intended to protect anything from a determined reader.